Animal Testing for Medical Purposes Essay Example for Free

Animal Testing for Medical Purposes Essay To persuade the audience that animal testing is only ok if it is used for medical purposes only. Outline I. Introduction: A. Attention-getting device: Do you know anyone that has or had cancer? Or some other deadly disease? These diseases could be cured with a little more research and experimenting. How about painkillers? Have any of you had surgery and been under anesthesia? B. Preview: Those painkillers and cures could be or are thanks to researchers and their animal testing. I know what you’re thinking. Animal testing; bad and cruel. But, it is only cruel and unethical if it is used for useless, unimportant things, such as cosmetic testing. By using animals for MEDICAL purposes only, we could be saving millions of lives. II. Body A. Animal testing is something that a lot of Americans fear. However, they don’t know that in order to save people, it must be done. They need to know that it can benefit us and help us so much in the medical field. 1. Every year, thousands die from diseases, which could be prevented. a. Helps many medical issues such as cancer (Breast cancer, childhood leukemia, chronic myeloid leukemia, lung), HIV/AIDS, Heart Disease/Stroke (Statins, â€Å"Clot-busting agents), Diabetes, Parkinson’s Disease, Hepatitis C, Birth Defects, Bioterrorism Medical Countermeasures, Epilepsy, Spinal Cord Injuries, Cystic Fibrosis b. A 2001 report from the National Cancer Institute stressed the dire need for research relying on mouse models of lung cancer and focusing on understanding, preventing, and detecting lung cancer and developing novel targeted therapies for treating the disease. . A total of 1,660,290 new cancer cases and 580,350 cancer deaths are projected to occur in the United States in 2013. This number could be cut drastically. 2. Animal testing can help not only those with diseases, but ordinary people. a. When some drugs aren’t tested, they can be very harmful, and often deadly to us. i. In 1937, a pharmaceutical company in the USA created a preparation of sulfa nilamide, using diethylene glycol (DEG) as a solvent, and called the preparation ‘Elixir Sulfanilamide’. DEG was poisonous to humans, but the companys chief pharmacist and chemist was not aware of this. He simply added raspberry flavoring to the sulfa drug, which he had dissolved in DEG, and the company marketed the product. The preparation led to mass poisoning causing the deaths of more than a hundred people. No animal testing was done. ii. .Another tragic drug fiasco occurred in the late 1950s and early 1960s with thalidomide. It was found to act as an effective tranquilizer and painkiller and was proclaimed a ‘wonder drug’ for insomnia, coughs, colds, and headaches. It was found to have an inhibitory effect on morning sickness, and hence, thousands of pregnant women took the drug to relieve their symptoms. Consequently, more than 10,000 children in 46 countries were born with malformations or missing limbs. The drug was withdrawn in 1961 and 1968 after a long campaign. (Transition: You can now tell that it is a crucial step) B. I’m not saying that animal testing should be used for everything, just for medical purposes. 1. People automatically assume that the animals are hurt a. The NIH funds over half of the medical research conducted in the US and regularly visits research facilities to ensure that staff are following animal care regulations. b. The USDA surveys the total number of animals being used for research and how many of these animals experience pain. According to them, only 6% of animals being tested experience pain. c. The Animal Welfare Act of 1966 is one of the laws that regulates animal care in research and exhibitions. This act is enforced by the USDA and the Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service. . Some animals even benefit from it themselves. a. Animal research has been also able to benefit cats and dogs in certain ailments. Moreover, nutrition of cats and dogs has been improved after repeated animal tests. (Transition: Both humans and animals are helped by this. As you can see†¦) C. Animal testing could be the solution to the deaths of thousands. 1. If animal testing occurred, cancer, HIV, Heart disease, diabetes, Cystic Fibrosis , and many other conditions wouldn’t be a tragedy. a. nimal research is essential to tackling major 21st century health problems such as cancer and heart disease. Without the use of animals it would be impossible, in many cases, to develop drugs or any sort of medical treatment. Professor Sir George Radda (Transition: People like Professor Radda know all the pros and cons of animal testing, and has decided that it is very helpful. ) D. It’s important that you also know your facts about animal testing before you disagree with it 1. Do more in depth research on your own, and decide if we could’ve gotten this far, medically, without it. 2. If you research what kind of drugs and painkillers from the drugstore were tested on animals, you’ll see that you use some of those on the daily. a. Think about it: your allergy medicine, Advil and Tylenol, other painkillers, any asthma treatments†¦ All things that you would use daily are tested on animals b. If animal testing wasn’t done what would you do when you got a migraine, or an asthma attack, or itchy, puffy eyes from allergies? Would you be able to withstand it alone without any medicine? (Transition: You now know that†¦) III. Conclusion A. Summary: Animal testing is something that can help us greatly. People automatically assume that it is bad, but when it is used in the right situation, it can be really helpful. In the medical field, it has helped many issues such as cancer, HIV/AIDS, Heart disease, diabetes, birth defects, cystic fibrosis, and many more. B. Concluding Device: We must do what we need to, even if everyone doesn’t agree, in order to advance in the medical field.

The Roles Media Plays In Contemporary Society

The Roles Media Plays In Contemporary Society Media communication is full of contradictions, nevertheless one cannot deny the important part it plays in social life, part which has kept and will maintain its importance along time. In this essay, I will analyze the importance and the impact of mass media in contemporary society, presenting both their positive and negative effects, in terms of the roles they play. I will start by presenting the advantages of the informative and interpretative functions (which are essential in a society dependant on mass media for information), while also mentioning their negative effects, by referring to the manipulation of public opinion and the using of media as a medium of propaganda. I will continue by discussing the presence of infotainment and its benefits, but also the educative role of mass media, nevertheless without ignoring the negative aspects which come with access to information for a population segment which does not have the ability to select and process it. I will not miss the opp ortunity of speaking about the social binder (between people or civilizations) function, and also about the tendency of the population of aligning to opinion streams; I will close by presenting some limiting factors for the mass media power. Most people get informed by means of press and television, these channels satisfying, by the information they provide, a fundamental need of the modern man information. Furthermore, by their dimensions, mass media facilitate spreading the information and increase the speed by which a message is relayed. The continuous worldwide information flow helps individuals find the latest news which may influence their decisions, coordinate their businesses, help them know which areas are or will be affected by natural disasters or conflicts in order to avoid them and so on. Still, many times, the media offer more than information. By means of media, one can influence, orient and direct public opinion, interests and motivations, consciences, even beyond ones own will. Mass media may lead even unto the destruction of the discernment and the creation of an apathy, it may destroy the will to understand and act. American mass media theorists, Lazarsfeld and Merton (1948), have argued that we may b e guilty of paying such close attention to the information with which the media bombard us, thus getting to confuse knowing about social problems with doing something about them. They called this confusion the narcotizing dysfunction, linking it to the social consequences of mass media. Individuals replace reality with a surrogate of reality. Furthermore, people can be misinformed through mass media. Many times, we read untrue articles in newspapers and magazines, whether these articles are about what is happening around the world or about important persons in social life. The media build but also destroy reputations, which happens most of the times in politics. A good example, according to Layborn (2002), are the scandals surrounding the Secretary of State for War, John Profumo (1963) and the Liberal Party leader Jeremy Thorpe (1970s). Politicians are presented, launched to the public with the same techniques used in launching a new brand of toothpaste or soap. Pop stars, as a clas s, are the creation of media. Remaining in the area of negative aspects, I can also include the fact that mass media create cognitive, affective and behavioural addictions. These addictions lead to a certain level of defiance which aggravates the cognitive gulf. Those who are informed become more and more informed and those who are misinformed remain misinformed. As to the interpretative function, this is somewhat related to the informative role, because it supposes the acceptance of the information by the individual without processing it through ones own reason. The contents of communications are generated by the publics needs, so the information will be processed enough to satisfy these needs. Information consumers may also receive direct help in interpreting some events by the means of editorials or comments in newspapers and magazines. Thus, the reader or viewer not only received the information in the state it was conceived, they are also given the manner in which they should regard and understand that information. The press relies on the authority of the written word, while television relies on the fact that images seem authentic and the citizen tends to say, most of the times I have seen it with my own eyes, not realizing that they have actually only seen what others wanted them to see. The media cease to be a news organ and become an instrument of propaganda. In all societies and in whoevers service it may be, propaganda aims to shape certain attitudes and impose social stereotypes, it tends to impose conditions on the individual, by creating automate mechanisms with the purpose of controlling and manipulating behaviour or society (voting for a certain political party, purchasing certain goods, etc). Great leaders of all times have used manipulation techniques, some of them to keep their power, others to control population. Even Napoleon had paid attention to the means of information at that time, which have offered him advantages before his enemies. His statements remained famous: Four hostile newspapers are more to be feared than a thousand bayonets. World War I is considered to have been a propagandist battle between the English and the Germans and that the American audience was the target of messages in pamphlets, posters and other means of communication. Durin g World War II, the Nazi have developed an elaborate propaganda system in order to obtain regime support both in Germany and abroad. It is one of the convictions of Media Lens that the corporate mass media constitute a propaganda system for elite interests (Edwards and Cromwell, 2006). Those who have high social positions, govern or lead large institutions have control on the media (or even own it, as it is the case for the Italian prime-minister Berlusconi), using them to manipulate population with the purpose of meeting their own interests. The renowned professor Chomsky (2003) implements The Propaganda Model in the case of the Iraq war as well. Large corporations, among which Haliburton or British Petroleum, have used the mass media in order to internationally spread false information on Saddam Hussein, such as him producing mass destruction weapons and supporting terrorism, information which later proved to be untrue. The population, being scared by the artificially created real ity, has eventually joined in, by sustaining the war in Iraq and, indirectly, the interests of the great moguls. New York Times revealed (1st December, 2005) that the USA had used black propaganda by paying Iraqi journalists to translate and publish in local newspapers articles written in the US by a public relations company financed by the Pentagon. Furthermore, after investigations were lead, false journalists providing news articled to the BBC were discovered. False information was broadcast by television, while the journalists were secretly working for organizations sustained by the British Ministry of Defence in a propaganda operation (Media Lens, 2005). As to its entertainment function, the mass media, especially television, offer the cheapest and most accessible means of entertainment, compared to attending concerts and shows. A few minutes of ones favourite show can relax, make one forget the hard time they are going through. The internet is a good mean of entertainment through its multitude of online games, music, the possibility of interactive communication with friends. One of the researchers of the contemporary phenomenon of media, Claude-Jean Bertrand (2000), notes that most of consumers search for entertainment in the mass media. Thus, most means of communications provide it, even newspapers. This function plays a particularly important part in todays society, even more that it combines extremely efficiently with the others. Vicky Hay (1990) considers that the challenge of infotainment development in television, with its various kinds and media formats (talk-shows, contests, games, interactive transmissions, etc) represent t he main cause of cultivating this tendency in the written press as well. The second cause is money, respectively in an industry such as the media one, which operates on a competitive market, where it is all about maintaining/gaining/regaining a larger audience segment, which brings in itself publicity, money that is. But there is also a negative aspect in the entertainment function of mass media, which is the risk of relaying obscene or negative messages through music or violent movies, or by (even involuntarily) creating false, bad models for the public which is exposed, but has no ability to select or process information, such as children. The audiovisual channel continuously dimensions the knowledge universe of the receivers, by influencing and inducing them values, conceptions, convictions, stereotypes, etc. That is why the educative role that the media have in society has an importance that should not be underestimated; the large spectrum of TV channels, from the most various domains, constitutes an important source of broadening ones knowledge horizon. Also, television can be a culture broadcaster, thus concerts/theatre plays gathering more viewers than spectators. Documentaries, homage evocations of personalities, flashbacks have more power than books do in refreshing the publics awareness on a personality or even on history, in general. But, as a negative effect of the educative function, we must mention that television, as a time devourer, has brought a real reading crisis, television shows meeting the cultural needs of a mankind too rushed to be able to focus on traditional means. Also, in countries with a redu ced cinematographic production, flooding the market with foreign commercial productions may lead to the cultural denationalization of the audience. Studies lead by American psychologists regarding the impact of American serial movies with youth as their main audience indicate that 45% of teenagers shape and complete their sexual knowledge based on these movies and also learn how to communicate with their parents from them. (Van Evra, J., 1990) The negative side of this aspect is that, by having access to adult subjects, children lose the naivety and innocence specific to their age and are a lot more prone to yielding to various temptations (from smoking and drugs to delinquencies). Live broadcasting of an event makes the latter dilate, and public (national or international) opinion becomes a resonance box where the echoes of the event ensure its amplification. Thus, television has the role of ensuring the social bond in individualist mass society (any person being able to connect when and how they want from home, being able to freely participate, in their privacy, in a fundamentally collective activity). Thereby, mass media may generate a social solidarity mechanism in case of natural disasters or special personal situation which requires help from the other members of society. By analyzing the effects of mass media, one can define the term of consonance as aligning to opinion streams. The Spiral of Silence (Schweigespirale) theory describes this phenomenon starting from the dependence of individual opinion on the dominant opinion expressed by the mass media. Elisabeth Noelle-Neumann (1993) synthesises this theory as follows: society threatens the deviant with isolation, individuals are more afraid of isolation than of error, individuals evaluate the favourable or unfavourable climate of their own opinion, evaluation leads to taking an attitude (expressing ones opinion or keeping ones opinions secret). Individuals who share the dominant point of view easily share it, while individuals who do not share this opinion enclose themselves in silence, for fear of isolation. Thus, public opinion represents, from this perspective, the opinion that can be expressed publicly without the risk of isolation. A secondary function of mass media, that of reinforcing social norms, is achieved through the fact that television exposes any deviation from these norms to the judgment of public opinion. According to DeFleur (1989), the individual behaviour is guided by ones perception on cultural norms. Thus, by the means of presentation, underscoring and selection, television reinforces the viewers opinions on these cultural norms. Television also has a massive impact in imposing fashion and the feminine or masculine beauty type. One of the moments which brought glory to the mass media is the Watergate Process, journalists being the ones who caused the resignation of the American president Nixon on August 8th, 1974, thus gaining the fame of fourth power in the state. The death of princess Diana has again given television the opportunity of showing its advantages in catching public interest and transforming an event into an international tragedy. Still, there are limits to the power the mass media has, opponent forces whether political, institutional, or representing the private business environment which, at their turn, manipulate the information the press offers. Also, the commercial pressure of profit and competition, as well as direct pressure from political institutions or even peoples scepticism limit the power of mass media. What are the conclusions that can be drawn from these aspects we have presented? The mass media are a double-edged tool. On the one hand, they form and on the other they deform. In a post-industrial society where information reaches the same value as capital or resources, using means of information and communication such as mass media becomes a necessity. Nevertheless, I consider that the mass media are both a positive image and a negative image creator, a source of information as well as a tool of propaganda, a sine qua non of modern society.

Concepts of Abnormal Behaviour

Concepts of Abnormal Behaviour 1.1 Normal behavior is known as behavior that is widely accepted as the prescribed norms of a particular society. For example, it is normal for an American to greet someone by shaking hands. Adhering to normal behavior satisfies individuals’ need to fit into society. The ability to behave normally also allows one to fulfill the innate need to interact with others. Abnormal behavior contrasts normal behavior in that it is unacceptable behavior which is outside of the norm of functioning behavior. Abnormal behaviors could range from minor deviations from societal norms to very severe behaviors that are considered taboo, or forbidden. There is a dilemma in defining how these concepts are defined in that behaviors which are known to be acceptable in one culture may not be tolerated in another. No single culture can determine a paradigm for normalcy within another society, since this would imply that another culture’s societal rules are incorrect. Instead, it is necessary to consider behaviors in the appropriate cultural context, as suggested in an article entitled, Epidemiology of major depression in four cities in Mexico. [1] 1.2 To effectively treat the underlying pathological disorders that cause abnormal behaviors, researchers have created paradigms that describe possible explanations for psychopathology. The Biological Paradigm of abnormal behavior states that mental disorders are the result of biological processes. For instance, research in the field of Behavior Genetics describes how genes play a significant role in individuals’ behavior. Also, irregularity in the amount of neurotransmitters released between neurons is the root of some disorders, such as Depression and Manic Disorder. Another model is the Humanistic and Existential Paradigm. It holds that people who suffer from abnormal behavior lack insight into their life issues (Davison et. al., 2003). [2] Paradigms such as the ones described above are invaluable in working with individuals who suffer from pathological behavior. The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) is a universal diagnostic tool that categorizes models of abnormal behavior and provides clinicians with information about a client’s mental functioning (American Psychiatric Association, 2000).[3] The DSM lists specific criteria that are required for an individual to either have features of a particular mental disorder or further, be diagnosed with one. The DSM also incorporates portions of the International Classification of Diseases (ICD) manual that pertain to mental disorders. The ICD is typically used by medical professionals. The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) outlines categories of disorders according to the Multiaxial Assessment Model, which breaks up disorders into five axes of functioning. Axis I includes clinical disorders such as Depression, Manic Disorder and Schizophrenia. Axis II encompasses personality disorders such as Histrionic Personality Disorder and Borderline Personality Disorder. It also includes Mental Retardation. Axis III is comprised of medical disorders. Axis IV contains Psychosocial and Environmental Problems such as life problems not attributed to a clinical, personality or medical disorder. The last axis encapsulates an individual’s Global Assessment of Functioning, which is a rating system that represents a person’s overall level of mental health. The classification system for mental disorders is comprehensive in covering various areas of mental disorders and symptomology. However, most studies that have assisted researchers in gathering the information included in the DSM were performed by homogenous researchers and did not include diverse study participants. Thus, applicability of the DSM to other cultures is disputed by professionals. Details about the inapplicability of Western cultural values upon other cultures are displayed in an article titled, Mental health issues for Asian Americans, by Lin and Cheung.[4] In order to attempt to deflect this shortcoming, DSM collaborators decided to include popular disorders of other cultures within the DSM. For example, the DSM incorporates Taijin kyofusho, a Japanese disorder described in an article titled, The place of culture in psychiatric nosology: Taijin kyofusho and DSM-III-R.[5] Although this approach is somewhat helpful, results of a study titled, The place of culture in DSM -IV, focused on better integrating diverse populations encourages statisticians to integrate multicultural issues into diagnostic systems.[6] 1.3 One of the greatest struggles a mental health professional faces in diagnosing a client is differentiating which disorder a client may potentially have. Spitzer portrays this difficulty through research titled, The DSM-III-R field trial of disruptive behavior disorders.[7] The difficulty lies in categorizing symptoms into only one disorder. For example, â€Å"sleep disturbance† is both a symptom of depression and anxiety. Although there are notable difficulties in diagnosing a client, differentiation is an important component of diagnosis, and eventually in administrating the appropriate treatment. If a client is misdiagnosed due to lack of scrutiny during the assessment and diagnosis period, the results could be detrimental. 2.1 Mental illness is a complex subject with various facets. However, there is a major similarity in the mode of treatment options allowed to people suffering from mental illness. In many cases a person’s quality of life can be sustained by managing the illness through therapeutic means and possibly psychotropic medication. Regrettably, however, there are a percentage of people who may not receive the full benefits of treatment. An examination of the differences within mental illness is required in order to grasp a better understanding of why this is so. Mental illness is divided into two major categories: neuroses and psychoses. Neuroses represent those mental illnesses that cause a person distress; however, there is opportunity to remedy the source of distress based on a person’s level of insight into the illness. Mood, anxiety, attachment, eating, and personality disorders are some of the illnesses encapsulated under the category of neuroses. Psychoses are similar to neuroses in that they also cause a level of distress that hampers daily functioning. Conversely, however, psychoses also encompass disorders that include delusional and hallucinatory features. In result, a person suffering from a psychosis lacks the insight to understand that these psychotic features are of a pathological nature (American Psychiatric Association, 2000). Disorders under the neuroses category include schizophrenia, delusional disorder, and psychotic disorder. While treatment options for neurotic disorders are vast and prognosis for long-term ment al health possible, the outlook for treatment and prognosis of psychotic disorders is not optimistic in many cases, as suggested in the article, Recovery from mental illness.[8] 2.2 Several types of psychopathological disorders have been identified over time. These disorders are now categorized in the DSM according to what areas of functioning are affected and symptomology. For instance, one category includes mood disorders. Bipolar Disorder, Anxiety Disorder and Depression are found under this heading because all of them affect mood. A second category, eating disorders, includes anorexia and bulimia. Psychotic Disorders are most severe and include disorders such as Schizophrenia and Delusional Disorder. Schizophrenia is one of the most studied psychotic disorders and deserves further explanation. Based on the DSM, criteria for diagnosing a person with the disorder are that it last for at least six months and contain at least one month of active-phase symptoms. These symptoms include one or more of the following: delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, grossly disorganized or catatonic behavior, and negative symptoms (such as affective flattening). Other symptomology that is common with Schizophrenia is severe social and occupational dysfunction, which incapacitates important daily living skills. Additionally, there are three subtypes that more clearly identify which symptoms are most prominent within individual sufferers: Paranoid Schizophrenia causes the sufferer to experience delusions and hallucinations in a paranoid state. In result, the person may accuse another entity or person of wanting to harm the sufferer. Disorganized Schizophrenia is diagnosed when a client is ha ving difficulty expressing himself properly. Both thought and speech may be disorganized and incomprehensible. A person with Catatonic Type Schizophrenia displays very little facial expressions, body movements or other normal physical movements and speech. Every client’s symptoms and any applicable subtype may vary. This variation within the disorder makes diagnosis and treatment a difficult task. 3.1 Based on the severity of symptomology, the forecast for effective treatment is not hopeful. However, some treatment options are available. One approach is called Psychosocial Rehabilitation, and is a popular form of treatment for sufferers of schizophrenia, as described in the study, Psychosocial rehabilitation services in community support systems.[9] This model consists of reintroducing clients to basic living skills in order to function in society and in effect, avoid being institutionalized, as stated in the study, Psychiatric and social reasons for frequent rehospitalization.[10] Additionally, the Humanistic Theory is utilized often with this population due to its introspective nature. Theorists who utilize this modality attempt to teach the client to become increasingly self-aware and gain insight into their behaviors and illness. The irony in using this approach is that it is precisely the type of treatment the client needs but has most difficulty applying. Medication is also used as a mode of treatment, mainly to decrease psychotic symptoms. In The Texas medication algorithm project, a study by Chiles et. al, the researchers created an algorithm for administering medication to patients with Schizophrenia.[11] The article details the type of psychotropic medication that should be used, including a â€Å"decision tree† model for administration. The article also details various types of medication used with patients with Schizophrenia. Medication such as Risperidone and haloperidol is mainly used for psychotic symptoms while __________ is used for symptoms related to depressive symptoms as a result of the schizophrenia. 3.2 The types of therapy outlined above can be relatively effective for clients with schizophrenia based on extensive research and application. However, some important factors regarding the implications of therapies and treatment should be considered, particularly due to the nature of the client’s symptoms. Most importantly, it is crucial that there be a positive client-therapist match. The therapist should have the ability to build rapport with the client, be knowledgeable about Schizophrenia, and remain professional in spite of irrational thoughts and processes displayed by the client. Moreover, the therapist should be invested in the client long-term, due to the nature of this type of therapy. There is no timeline for resolution of the client’s problem in the case of Schizophrenia, but rather maintenance of well-being and management of symptoms. This tedious therapeutic process could become increasingly frustrating. However, the onus is upon the therapist to handle this frustration with a sense of beneficence, thereby, remaining emotionally available and dedicated to the client. Once a trusting relationship is established, it is important for the therapist to consider what therapies will realistically be effective. Many modalities can be used, such as group, family and individual therapy; support groups; and various others. However, great importance must be placed on the individual client’s needs. As stated earlier, people who suffer from schizophrenia have very little insight into their behaviors and symptoms. It is important to address the client’s current stressors in a practical and resourceful manner. For instance, if a therapist is dealing with someone who suffers from paranoid schizophrenia, a group setting may be difficult for this client. In many cases, medication is also applied as a treatment approach, although carefully. Though many of the recommended medication that exists for schizophrenia seems to work quite effectively, there are long-term side effects. Because schizophrenia is a life long disorder, medication may only make matters worse by igniting damaging side effects. Additionaly, it is important to know whether clients can accurately assess whether a certain medication is helping or hurting. At times, they may not be able to determine this objectively. Professionals have the responsibility of advocating for their clients so that clients are not misled or disadvantaged. Also, both clinicians and psychiatrists must collaborate closely due to for client’s need for both medication and long term therapy. As several studies show, any of the two given alone would not be as effective (Chiles, 1999). Ultimately, professionals must make decisions that are most beneficial for the client. There is opportunity for this population to be taken advantage of quite easily due to their lack of understanding about their circumstances. Unfortunately, sometimes therapists decide not to terminate therapy even though they believe the client has learned appropriate life skills and does not need therapy at the time. Psychiatrists can prescribe medication to a client only because they are promoting a certain type at the time, although the medication might not be the most compatible. Due to disheartening situations such as these, it is important for professionals who are dedicated to the field to work beneficently for the client while considering the most practical and ethical modalities of treatment (Davison, 2003). Bibliography American Psychiatric Association. (2000). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition, Text Revision. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association. Anthony WA. (1993). Recovery from mental illness: the guiding vision of the mental health system in the 1990s. Innovations and Research 2(3):17-24. Chiles, J, Miller, A., Crismon, M., Rush, A., Krasnoff, A., and Shon,S. (1999). The Texas Medication Algorithm Project: Development and Implementation of the Schizophrenia Algorithm. Psychiatric Services, 50:69-74. Davison, G; Neale, J., Kring, A. (2003). Abnormal Psychology with Cases, 9th Edition. California: John Wiley Sons, Inc. DeSisto MJ, Harding CM, McCormack RV, et al. (1995). The Maine and Vermont three-decade studies of serious mental illness. British Journal of Psychiatry 167:331-342. Harding CM, Zahniser JH. (1994). Empirical correction of seven myths about schizophrenia with implications for treatment. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 90:140-146. Kent S, Yellowlees PM. (1994). Psychiatric and social reasons for frequent rehospitalization. Hospital and Community Psychiatry 45:347-350. Kirmayer L.J. (1991). The place of culture in psychiatric nosology: Taijin kyofusho and DSM-III-R. Journal of Nervous Mental Disorders. 179(1):19-28. Lin, K., Cheung, F. (1999). Mental health issues for Asian Americans. Psychiatric Services 50:774-780. Mezzich JE, Kirmayer LJ, Kleinman A, Fabrega H Jr, Parron DL, Good BJ, Lin KM, Manson SM. (1999). The place of culture in DSM-IV. Journal of Nervous Mental Disorders, 187(8):457-64. Rogler LH. (1996). Framing research on culture in psychiatric diagnosis: the case of the DSM-IV. Psychiatry, 59(2):145-55. Roshel Lenroot, M.D., Juan R. Bustillo, M.D., John Lauriello, M.D. and Samuel J. Keith. (2003). Integration of Care: Integrated Treatment of Schizophrenia. Psychiatric Services 54:1499-1507. Slone LB, Norris FH, Murphy AD, Baker CK, Perilla JL, Diaz D, Rodriguez FG, de Jesus Gutierrez Rodriguez J. (2006). Epidemiology of major depression in four cities in Mexico. Journal of Depression and Anxiety. Spitzer RL, Davies M, Barkley RA. (1990). The DSM-III-R field trial of disruptive behavior disorders. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 29(5); 690-7. Thakker J, Ward T. (1998). Culture and classification: the cross-cultural application of the DSM-IV. Clinical Psychology Review, 18(5):501-29. Footnotes [1] Slone LB, Norris FH, Murphy AD, Baker CK, Perilla JL, Diaz D, Rodriguez FG, de Jesus Gutierrez Rodriguez J. (2006). Epidemiology of major depression in four cities in Mexico. Journal of Depression and Anxiety. [2] Davison, G; Neale, J., Kring, A. (2003). Abnormal Psychology With Cases, 9th Edition. California: John Wiley Sons, Inc. [3] American Psychiatric Association. (2000). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition, Text Revision. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association. [4] Lin, K., Cheung, F. (1999). Mental health issues for Asian Americans. Psychiatric Services 50:774-780. [5] Kirmayer L.J. (1991). The place of culture in psychiatric nosology: Taijin kyofusho and DSM-III-R. Journal of Nervous Mental Disorders. 179(1):19-28. [6] Mezzich JE, Kirmayer LJ, Kleinman A, Fabrega H Jr, Parron DL, Good BJ, Lin KM, Manson SM. (1999). The place of culture in DSM-IV. Journal of Nervous Mental Disorders, 187(8):457-64. [7] Spitzer RL, Davies M, Barkley RA. (1990). The DSM-III-R field trial of disruptive behavior disorders. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 29(5); 690-7. [8] Anthony, W. (1993). Recovery from mental illness: the guiding vision of the mental health system in the 1990s. Innovations and Research 2(3):17-24. [9] Barton, R. (1999). Psychosocial rehabilitation services in community support systems: a review of outcomes and policy recommendations. Psychiatric Services, 50:525-534. [10] Kent S, Yellowlees PM. (1994). Psychiatric and social reasons for frequent rehospitalization. Hospital and Community Psychiatry 45:347-350. [11] Chiles, J, Miller, A., Crismon, M., Rush, A., Krasnoff, A., and Shon,S. (1999). The Texas Medication Algorithm Project: Development and Implementation of the Schizophrenia Algorithm. Psychiatric Services, 50:69-74.

To Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee :: To Kill a Mockingbird Essays

In Harper Lee’s book, To Kill A Mockingbird, there are many examples of racism. During this time in history racism was acceptable. Racism is a key theme in her book. Not only those who were black, but also those who affiliated with blacks, were considered inferior. Atticus, a lawyer, who defended blacks in court, was mocked. An example of this is when Mrs. Dubose said, â€Å"Your father’s [Atticus] no better than the niggers and trash he works for!† Mr. Dolphus Raymond was also criticized for affiliating with blacks, especially black females. Example is when Jem said, â€Å"He likes ‘em [blacks] better ‘n he likes us [whites], I reckon.† Basically, you were black if you â€Å"liked† blacks. Blacks, because they were considered inferior, were expected to do everything for whites. Everything had to be perfect, without excuse. Even when Calpurnia, a Finch family friend, did not make the perfect cup of coffee, she was mocked. Book excerpt, â€Å"She [Calpurnia] poured one tablespoon of coffee into it and filled the cup to the brim with milk. I [Scout] thanked her by sticking out my tongue...†. Even when blacks did do good, they were still mocked. An example is when Aunt Alexandra said, â€Å"Jem’s growing up now and you are too. We decided that it would be best for you to have some feminine influence.† Even though Calpurnia was a female, Aunt Alexandra over-looked this, because of her race. People were so biased, it didn’t matter how good a job a black person did. Since there was such strong racism in Maycomb, there were excuses made for whites. In the book, it was obvious that Bob Ewell was a mean man. It was also obvious that he was abusive to his daughter, Mayella, and he was the one who violated her, not Tom Robinson, because what the evidence showed. But, the people of Maycomb over-looked the evidence in favor of Tom Robinson, just because he was black. In Harper Lee’s book, To Kill A Mockingbird, there are many examples of racism. The legal barriers to racial equality have been torn down, and racial exclusion from the benefits of society and the rights of citizenship is no longer nearly total, as it once was. But discrimination still limits the opportunities and stifles the hopes of many black Americans and other minorities. In the realms of housing, employment, medical care, education and the administration of the criminal justice system, we are still, as the 1968 Kerner Commission Report on civil disorders warned, â€Å"two separate Americas.† At this moment

Politics Paper :: essays research papers

One of the first things we have learned about politics this semester is that there is a constant struggle over the true definition, especially in how broad or narrow the definition is. When Thomas Jefferson wrote that â€Å"Politics are such torment that I would advise everyone I love not to mix with them.† it is understood that he is referring to the electoral and governmental aspects of politics. If Dr. Michael Rivage-Seul and Leslie Cagan were to read this quote, they would argue that Jefferson has an extremely narrow view of politics and that if one were to desire a more accurate definition, they would have to look further than the restrictive culturally accepted definition. Martin Luther King, Jr. would also disagree with this definition but he I think he would have a bigger problem with the advice that Jefferson is giving. All three of the authors that we have looked at would, in one way or another, be forced to disagree with Jefferson based on the principles that they try to uphold and emphasize in their writings and speeches.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  According to Dr. Michael Rivage-Seul, we are living in a world full of deceit and human frailty. He stresses this particular point in his essay â€Å"Taking Risks in Plato‘s Cave† which helps to illustrate that not everything we know to be true is actually true. He also believes that, just as in the parable, we have an obligation to ourselves to look at all aspects and trey to understand all observed viewpoints. His words enforce this belief when he says â€Å"We can’t begin our escape from ignorance without the intervention of an outsider, without listening to others.† (Rivage-Seul, 6). In his teachings, Rivage-Seul tries to highlight the importance of thinking for ourselves and always being weary of a socially accepted truth.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  If Leslie Cagan, author of the essay â€Å"What is Politics?† was asked to comment on Jeffersons’ quote, I would imagine that she would probably scorn him for his narrow minded view of politics. I am also led to believe that she would say that Jefferson was no more politically aware than the rest of the general public because of the common ignorant definition they share. Cagan would argue that politics has to do with just about everything in the world and he stresses the complexity and immeasurable depth in the word when he says â€Å"How we understand (and therefore act out of that understanding) â€Å"politics† and â€Å"political struggle† is no small matter.

Some People Think Parents Should Read or Tell Stories to Children

Some people think parents should read or tell stories to children, while others think parents need not do that, as children can read books, watch TVs or movies by themselves. Discuss both views and give your opinion. Parenting is always a heated topic in our society. What is the best way for children to read and learn? Some people insist on the more traditional method by reading or telling stories to children rather than letting children learn by themselves through books, TV and internet . As far as I am concerned, two complementary methods are necessary to be applied to motivate children to read and learn.It is evident that reading or telling stories to their children is not only a way of learning but also a good approach to strenghten the tie between parents and children. It brings much more happiness to families and make family bond closer. Furthermore reading or telling stories to children is a a more entertaining method thought which children get more enjoyment and a metheod chi ldren perhaps prefer. Consequently children`s interest in reading and learning would easily be motivated. Many of us could remember the lovely moment when we were looking forward to listening for stories before we went to bed.However, independent learning is a vital capacity for â€Å"old† children and young adults. Therefore parents should encourage their children to read and learn by themselves, searching information through various sources such as books, internet as well as TV. For children would be growing up and be independent to face the complicated society one day. This ability would help them much no matter what they do in the future. To sum up, each method discussed above has its merit to be considered as a proper way which parents employ to foster their children a good reading and learning habit and ability.

Comtemparory Business

There are many companies that make products that go head to head. Coca Cola and Pepsi are an example of such reveries. There has been many taste test and competitions that Involved the soda kings. This reverie has been going on for over a century. (See appendix 1) The start of this long standing soda war began 1 886 when creator John S. Pentameter developed the original recipe for Coke. Then 13 years later Pepsi creator pharmacist Caleb Abraham developed his formula. By this time Coca-Cola was already fulfilling order that totaled a million gallons per year.Coke hen continue to develop its iconic bottle in 1921, they then secured huge name endorsements deals, expanded to Europe and Cuba, Canada and Panama. In the Interim, peeps went bankrupt because of WI In 1923. Pepsi Is fully revived fully In 1931 and begin a campaign to rival coke back and forward. Although Pepsi never really tops Coke in soda sales the Pepsi Company is still more profitable than Coke due to their diversity of th e many other products they sell. Coke spends a half a billion more on advertising than Pepsi. (See appendix 2) (Basin, 2013) Corporate CulturePerformance with a purpose Is the PepsiCo corporate culture motto. The PepsiCo CEO, Indri K. Onion, states: Ethics and growth are connected is a broadly shared understanding in today's business world. But these words appeared in the PepsiCo Annual Report back in 1968?just three years after the Pepsi-Cola Company and the Frito-Lay Company merged to form PepsiCo. It is a testament to how long we have treasured the belief that corporate capabilities and corporate character are not Just Integrated, but Inseparable. (Company T. P. 2013) Here she Is stating that ethics Is an Intricate part of PepsiCo culture and It has en for many, many years. This is before it has been before it has been set and a standard in the business world today. She goes on to speak about how this ideal has made Pepsi the innovator and leader in such areas from civil rights t o scholarships to recycling. The Pepsi Company believes that its investment in the future by way of environmental protection, Investing back Into the community and performance with purpose keeps the company ahead of the global challenges shaping the industry.Coca Cola Company's President and COO Glen Walter states that: Since our first odd fountain sales in 1886, we have been a driver of marketplace innovation and an investor in local economies. Today we lead the beverage industry with more than 500 beverage brands including four of the world's top-five sparkling brands. But while our business opportunities are enormous, our commitment to our consumers and the communities In which we operate Is even greater. According to the website the company's focus is Sustainability and growth.The company strives to continue to be a leader of the soda world. The mission statement reads: Our Roadman starts with our mission, which is enduring. It declares our purpose as a company and serves as the standard against which we weigh our actions and decisions. To refresh the world†¦ To create value and make a difference. (company T. C. , 2013) It seems that the Coca Cola Co does not talk about it ties and comments to the community and the future but Just to the sustainability of the company.The advisements appear to be community based it does not seem to resonate through the corporate culture. The difference of corporate culture seems to be Pepsi seems to embody forwardness of the company and community since sass's. Whereas n the other had Coca Cola seems to Just in the recent 20 years or so adopted the community with the development of its Coca Cola Foundation. Benefits of competition The battle between the two great giants has sparked new and innovative ways to stay above the competition.One example of a intense exchange that take place during the Cola Wars was Coca-Cola deciding to a strategic retreat minion, by publicizing its plans to bring back the original coke recipe after the introduction of New Coke. The wars also lead to Pepsi realizing that its grip on the soda world was not as evident ND they decided in 1965 to diversify and acquired ownership of Frito-lay Company. (Basin, 2013) Another benefit of the wars are the introduction in the late sass, Pepsi launched its most profitable long-term strategy of the Cola Wars, called Pepsi Stuff.This was a point system where Pepsi consumers drank Pepsi and received points to buy free Pepsi lifestyle merchandise. After researching the company launched the program and it gained instant success. Millions of patrons take part in the program. This move also made Pepsi highly popular and it outperformed Coke during the summer of the Atlanta Olympics which is in the hometown of Coke. Later in 2005 Coca-Cola and Pepsi started a â€Å"cyber-war† with the re-introduction of Pepsi Stuff in 2005 ; Coca-Cola strikes back with Coke Rewards.A third benefit is in 1985, Coca-Cola and Pepsi were launched into sp ace aboard the Space Shuttle Challenger. The companies had invented special cans to test packaging and dispensing systems for use in zero G conditions. The experiment was classified a failure by the shuttle crew, primarily due to the lack of both refrigeration and gravity. But this pushed the companies and it lead to the invention of the Coca-Cola fountain dispenser. (Russell, 012) Continue to Thrive I speculate that Pepsi will continue to bill there brand threw the food brand versus just focusing on the soda side of things.Coca Cola now is focusing plans to focus on build its brand throughout the world and community. The Journey is called Me, We and the world. The company has made the statement that they are committed to grow the business in an economically, environmentally and socially sustainable way. (Company T. C. , 2013) These statements are a part of their investment sustainability plan. The soda wars have gone on for centuries and although never company will admit o the ongo ing competition, they both are innovators in the world of business and will continue to forge on to success.